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Health Overview

Collateral, borrows and perp position values are summed up to give the Health metric
Each asset is weighted differently (Read: Asset Specs)
Health is used to determine liquidations and new position eligibility
Oracle price and stable price are used to determine the value of assets and liabilities
The health of an account is used to determine if it can open a new position or if it can be liquidated. There are three types of health: initial health is used to check if opening new positions may be openend, maintenance health controls when liquidations start and liquidation end health determines when they end.
All three variants are calculated as a weighted sum of the assets minus the liabilities, but the weights and prices used differ. Zero is used as the bright line for all three, i.e. if your init health falls below zero, you cannot open new positions, if your maint. health falls below zero you will be liquidated and once your liq. end health increases above zero, liquidations will stop.
They are calculated as follows:
health=∑iai⋅pi⋅wia−li⋅pi⋅wilwhereai−quantity asset ipi−price of iwia−asset weightwil−liability weightli−quantity liability ihealth = \sum\limits_{i} a_i \cdot p_i \cdot w^a_i - l_i \cdot p_i \cdot w^l_i \newline where \newline a_i-quantity\space asset \space i \newline p_i - price \space of \space i \newline w^a_i - asset \space weight \newline w^l_i - liability \space weight \newline l_i - quantity \space liability \space ihealth=i∑​ai​⋅pi​⋅wia​−li​⋅pi​⋅wil​whereai​−quantity asset ipi​−price of iwia​−asset weightwil​−liability weightli​−quantity liability i
The quote currency, in the typical case USDC, will have all weights and prices equal to 1.
Health Ratio
The Mango user interface often displays health ratio percentages. This ratio is: 
health_ratio = maint_weighted_assets / maint_weighted_liabilities - 1
It is a useful shorthand for judging liquidation risk: Imagine an account has a health ratio of 5%. That account will be liquidatable if the prices of its liabilities go up by 5%.
Of course there are other scenarios that would cause liquidation too: The prices of the assets could fall, maybe some liabilities increase in price and some drop, etc. The final rule is still: If the maintenance health (or equivalently health ratio) fall below zero, an account is liquidatable.
Prices
The prices used for initial health and maintenance health differ. Maintenance and liquidation end health use the oracle price directly and initial health uses a more conservative min(oracle_price, stable_price) for valuing assets and max(oracle_price, stable_price) for valuing liabilities.
For example, imagine the SOL oracle reports $50 and the stable price is at $40. The account liquidation check (maint. health) would then use $50 as the value of SOL assets and liabilities. But for checking if new positions may be openened (init. health), SOL assets would be valued at $40 and SOL liabilities at $50.
Scaled Weights
Safety features may dynamically restrict opening new positions further by affecting the initial health asset and liability weights. 
For example, imagine SOL has an init_asset_weight of 0.9 and is configured to allow only $100M of SOL to provide margin. If the value of total SOL deposited on the platform exceeds that number, the init asset weight would be reduced for everyone. (at $200M SOL, it'd be halved: 0.45)
Open Orders
The health computation gets more complex when a user has open orders. It is defined to be the min over all the scenarios where orders execute or don't execute.
That means that placing a limit order that would create a new liability once executed, will immediately reduce health as if the liability was already created. And a limit order that closes a borrow doesn't improve health until it actually executes.
Liquidation End
Account liquidation starts when the maintenance health becomes negative. Once started, it does not stop until an account's liquidation end health is positive again.
This overshooting helps prevent accounts from alternating between liquidatable and healthy too rapidly.
Perp Markets
Each perp market is configured to use a specific settle token and affects health by changing the settle token's balance. At the time of writing all perp markets use USDC as the settle token.
Perp positions track the user's base position and quote position. With these, one can define the unsettled pnl (upnl)
upnl = base_position * base_price + quote_position
which defines how much the account can settle against other accounts (see PnL Settlement). One can also define the health unsettled pnl (hupnl):
hupnl = overall_weighted(base_weigthed(base_position * base_price) + quote_position)
where
base_weighted(v) = base_asset_weight * v, if v >= 0
                 = base_liab_weight * v, if v < 0
and
overall_weighted(v) = overall_asset_weight * v, if v >= 0
                    = v, if v < 0
Where base_weighted() applies a risk scaling for holding a perp position and overall_weighted() applies a risk scaling for unsettled positive pnl. At the time of writing, all perp markets have overall_asset_weight = 0, meaning that positive unsettled pnl does not produce health. This helps with perp market isolation.
The effective token balance used in health computations is the sum of the spot balance and the hupnl of all perp markets that use the token as settle token.
Example - BTC-PERP
As an example, one asset might be BTC-PERP with
init_base_asset_weight = 0.9
init_base_liab_weight = 1.1
maint_base_asset_weight = 0.95
maint_base_liab_weight = 1.05
overall_asset_weight = 0
These correspond to a 10x initial leverage and 20x maintenance leverage. Let's say the perp market uses USDC as settle token which has all weights set to 1.
Suppose a user deposits 10k USDC and goes long 10 BTC-PERP at 10k each. Then the user has a perp base position of 10 and a perp quote position of -100k. The health would be: 
init_health
  = USDC_weight * USDC_price * (spot_balance + hupnl)
  = 1.0 * 1.0 * (10000 + (0.9 * 10000 * 10 - 100000))
  = 0
maint_health =
  = 1.0 * 1.0 * (10000 + (0.95 * 10000 * 10 - 100000))
  = 5000
Suppose the BTC-PERP mark price moves to $9400, then:
maint_health = 10000 + 0.95 * 9400 * 10 - 100000 = -700
Since the maint_health is now below zero, this account can be liquidated until the liquidation end health is above zero.
Suppose the mark price moves to $12000, then
init_health = 10000 + 0 * (0.9 * 12000 * 10 - 100000) = 10000
Because the overall weight doesn't allow the positive unsettled pnl to contribute to health. The account could settle the perp gains into an actual token position to increase their health.
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Last modified 14d ago